Biomedical and Biological Sciences

Field Description

The Cornell University Biomedical and Biological Sciences (BBS) Graduate Program is an interdisciplinary program consisting of outstanding graduate students conducting state-of-the-art basic, clinical and translational life sciences research alongside their world-renowned faculty mentors and other research professionals. Housed in the heart of biomedical research at the Cornell-Ithaca campus in the College of Veterinary Medicine, the BBS program takes advantage of outstanding research facilities, the vibrant Cornell undergraduate campus and strong links to the Weill Cornell Medical College campus in New York City. The BBS Program fosters a nurturing, student-centered community of scholars that is accessible, engaging and committed to ensuring that our graduate students reach their full potential in research, teaching and professional development. Students in the BBS field will select Special Committee chairs associated with one of five concentrations: Immunology and Infectious Disease, Molecular and Cellular Medicine, Population Medicine and Epidemiology, Translational Medicine, and Zoology and Wildlife Conservation.

Population Medicine and Epidemiology represents the study of health and disease in a population and the underlying factors that lead to these conditions.  The goal of this research is to prevent the spread and/or future incidents of illness.  As such, it is considered the cornerstone of public health, production medicine, and preventive medicine.

Immunology and Infectious Disease: The concentration of Immunology and Infectious Disease has a substantial cadre of faculty members and students working in the areas of infection and immunity, cellular immunology, immune regulation, immunogenetics, and immunopathology. There are also members currently carrying out studies in the areas of immunotoxicology, membrane biochemistry, developmental immunology, immunoparasitology, and related fields.

Molecular and Cellular Medicine faculty and trainees are engaged in investigations of fundamental cellular processes and the mechanisms that control them in health and disease.  Research projects range from molecular interactions, protein folding, and membrane biophysics to development and function of organ systems and whole animals. Fundamental research, using cutting-edge technologies, enables researchers at Cornell to make significant advances in broad scientific disciplines such as cell and developmental biology, genetics and genomics, neurobiology, pharmacology, and physiology. 

Translational Medicine:  Translational medicine seeks to leverage basic science discovery for the development of new therapies that will improve the health of animals and humans.   Basic scientists and clinicians partner in drug and biomarker discovery, stem cell and regenerative medicine, and development of imaging technology to tackle problems in reproductive biology, infectious disease, cancer, cardiovascular disease, and other clinically relevant areas. 

Zoology and Wildlife Conservation integrates two broad fields of biology: animal biology and conservation biology. Opportunities exist for study and research in comparative and functional anatomy, developmental biology, and comparative and experimental embryology. The survival of threatened and endangered species requires innovative and integrative ideas and approaches to wildlife conservation, and our faculty are those innovators – conservation studies focus on individual animals, species, and ecosystems.

Contact Information

Website: http://vet.cornell.edu/bbs
Email: BBS@cornell.edu
Phone: 607-253-3276

S3-009 Schurman Hall

Data and Statistics

• Doctoral Program Statistics

Field Manual

• Manual

Subject and Degrees

Biomedical Sciences

• Biomedical Sciences (Ph.D.) (Ithaca)

Concentrations by Subject

Biomedical Sciences

• immunology and infectious disease
• molecular and cellular medicine
• population medicine and epidemiology
• translational medicine
• zoology and wildlife conservation

Faculty

Carolyn E. Adler

• Campus: Ithaca
• Concentrations: Biomedical Sciences: molecular and cellular medicine

Hector Aguilar-Carreno

• Campus: Ithaca
• Concentrations: Biomedical Sciences: immunology and infectious disease; translational medicine

Craig Altier

• Campus: Ithaca
• Concentrations: Biomedical Sciences: immunology and infectious disease

Douglas Francis Antczak

• Campus: Ithaca
• Concentrations: Biomedical Sciences: immunology and infectious disease; molecular and cellular medicine; translational medicine

Avery August

• Campus: Ithaca
• Concentrations: Biomedical Sciences: immunology and infectious disease; molecular and cellular medicine; translational medicine

Barbara Ann Baird

• Campus: Ithaca
• Concentrations: Biomedical Sciences: molecular and cellular medicine

Joeva Barrow

• Campus: Ithaca
• Concentrations: Biomedical Sciences: molecular and cellular medicine
• Research Interests: Molecular Nutrition

Parminder S. Basran

• Campus: Ithaca
• Concentrations: Biomedical Sciences: translational medicine
• Research Interests: My lab has 3 main areas of focus in Veterinary Medicine: Radiation Dosimetry and Treatment Planning; Medical Image Processing and Analysis; and Medical Physics Training and Education. I have keen interests in machine learning methods in radiation oncology, stereotactic ablative radiation therapies and hypofractionation, and medical imaging processing and analysis.

Gary W Blissard

• Campus: Ithaca
• Concentrations: Biomedical Sciences: immunology and infectious disease

Dwight Douglas Bowman

• Campus: Ithaca
• Concentrations: Biomedical Sciences: immunology and infectious disease; zoology and wildlife conservation

Adam Boyko

• Campus: Ithaca
• Concentrations: Biomedical Sciences: zoology and wildlife conservation

Ilana Lauren Brito

• Campus: Ithaca
• Concentrations: Biomedical Sciences: immunology and infectious disease; molecular and cellular medicine
• Research Interests: infection and immunity, genetics and genomics

Nicolas S Buchon

• Campus: Ithaca
• Concentrations: Biomedical Sciences: immunology and infectious disease

Elizabeth L. Buckles

• Campus: Ithaca
• Concentrations: Biomedical Sciences: zoology and wildlife conservation

Jonathan T. Butcher

• Campus: Ithaca
• Concentrations: Biomedical Sciences: molecular and cellular medicine; translational medicine

Sarah Caddy

• Campus: Ithaca
• Concentrations: Biomedical Sciences: immunology and infectious disease; molecular and cellular medicine; translational medicine
• Research Interests: immunology and infectious disease, molecular and cellular medicine, translational medicine

Casey Lu Cazer

• Campus: Ithaca
• Concentrations: Biomedical Sciences: population medicine and epidemiology
• Research Interests: Population Medicine & Epidemiology

Richard A Cerione

• Campus: Ithaca
• Concentrations: Biomedical Sciences: molecular and cellular medicine

Yung-Fu Chang

• Campus: Ithaca
• Concentrations: Biomedical Sciences: immunology and infectious disease; molecular and cellular medicine; translational medicine; zoology and wildlife conservation

Pamela V. Chang

• Campus: Ithaca
• Concentrations: Biomedical Sciences: immunology and infectious disease

Joshua Chappie

• Campus: Ithaca
• Concentrations: Biomedical Sciences: molecular and cellular medicine

Jonathan Cheetham

• Campus: Ithaca
• Concentrations: Biomedical Sciences: translational medicine

Soon Hon Cheong

• Campus: Ithaca
• Concentrations: Biomedical Sciences: immunology and infectious disease; molecular and cellular medicine; population medicine and epidemiology; translational medicine; zoology and wildlife conservation

Theodore G Clark

• Campus: Ithaca
• Concentrations: Biomedical Sciences: immunology and infectious disease; molecular and cellular medicine; translational medicine

Paula Cohen

• Campus: Ithaca
• Concentrations: Biomedical Sciences: molecular and cellular medicine

Ruth N Collins

• Campus: Ithaca
• Concentrations: Biomedical Sciences: immunology and infectious disease; molecular and cellular medicine

Pierre Comizzoli

• Campus: Ithaca
• Concentrations: Biomedical Sciences: zoology and wildlife conservation

Scott A. Coonrod

• Campus: Ithaca
• Concentrations: Biomedical Sciences: molecular and cellular medicine

Brian Crane

• Campus: Ithaca
• Concentrations: Biomedical Sciences: immunology and infectious disease; molecular and cellular medicine
• Research Interests: Protein redox chemistry; electron-transfer reactions; mechanisms of signal transduction; circadian clocks; protein photosensors; bacterial chemotaxis; receptor signaling; nitric oxide enzymology; metallobiochemistry

Kevin J. Cummings

• Campus: Ithaca
• Concentrations: Biomedical Sciences: immunology and infectious disease; population medicine and epidemiology

Paul D Curtis

• Campus: Ithaca
• Concentrations: Biomedical Sciences: zoology and wildlife conservation

Robin Dando

• Campus: Ithaca
• Concentrations: Biomedical Sciences: molecular and cellular medicine

Charles G. Danko

• Campus: Ithaca
• Concentrations: Biomedical Sciences: molecular and cellular medicine; population medicine and epidemiology

Erin K. Daugherity

• Campus: Ithaca - (Minor Member)
• Concentrations: Biomedical Sciences: translational medicine
• Research Interests: Translational medicine

Michelle Lee Delco

• Campus: Ithaca
• Concentrations: Biomedical Sciences: molecular and cellular medicine; translational medicine
• Research Interests: biochemistry & cell biology, stem cell biology

Matthew P DeLisa

• Campus: Ithaca
• Concentrations: Biomedical Sciences: immunology and infectious disease; molecular and cellular medicine; translational medicine

Diego G Diel

• Campus: Ithaca
• Concentrations: Biomedical Sciences: immunology and infectious disease
• Research Interests: infection and immunity

Mariana Diel de Amorim

• Campus: Ithaca
• Concentrations: Biomedical Sciences: immunology and infectious disease; molecular and cellular medicine; translational medicine
• Research Interests: Immunology & Infectious Disease; Molecular & Cellular Medicine; Translational Medicine

Tobias Doerr

• Campus: Ithaca
• Concentrations: Biomedical Sciences: immunology and infectious disease

Anushka Dongre

• Campus: Ithaca
• Concentrations: Biomedical Sciences: immunology and infectious disease; molecular and cellular medicine; translational medicine
• Research Interests: translational medicine; immunology and infection disease; molecular and cellular medicine

Gerald E. Duhamel

• Campus: Ithaca
• Concentrations: Biomedical Sciences: immunology and infectious disease; translational medicine

Scott D. Emr

• Campus: Ithaca
• Concentrations: Biomedical Sciences: molecular and cellular medicine

Jacquelyn M Evans

• Campus: Ithaca
• Concentrations: Biomedical Sciences: molecular and cellular medicine; population medicine and epidemiology
• Research Interests: population medicine and epidemiology; molecular and cellular medicine

Maria Julia Bevilaqua Felippe

• Campus: Ithaca
• Concentrations: Biomedical Sciences: immunology and infectious disease; translational medicine

Joseph R. Fetcho

• Campus: Ithaca
• Concentrations: Biomedical Sciences: molecular and cellular medicine

Julia L. Finkelstein

• Campus: Ithaca
• Concentrations: Biomedical Sciences: immunology and infectious disease; molecular and cellular medicine; population medicine and epidemiology; translational medicine

Kathryn Fiorella

• Campus: Ithaca
• Concentrations: Biomedical Sciences: population medicine and epidemiology; zoology and wildlife conservation
• Research Interests: epidemiology, wildlife conservation

Claudia Fischbach-Teschl

• Campus: Ithaca
• Concentrations: Biomedical Sciences: translational medicine

Andrew Flyak

• Campus: Ithaca
• Concentrations: Biomedical Sciences: immunology and infectious disease; molecular and cellular medicine; translational medicine
• Research Interests: immunology and infectious disease; translational medicine; molecular and cellular medicine

Deborah J. Fowell

• Campus: Ithaca
• Concentrations: Biomedical Sciences: immunology and infectious disease; molecular and cellular medicine
• Research Interests: Regulation of immunity at tissue sites of infection and autoimmunity, immune imaging, intravital multiphoton microscopy

Rodman Guy Getchell

• Campus: Ithaca - (Minor Member)
• Concentrations: Biomedical Sciences: immunology and infectious disease; population medicine and epidemiology; zoology and wildlife conservation
• Research Interests: epidemiology, infection and immunity, wildlife conservation

Martin Gilbert

• Campus: Ithaca
• Concentrations: Biomedical Sciences: zoology and wildlife conservation

Laura Goodman

• Campus: Ithaca
• Concentrations: Biomedical Sciences: immunology and infectious disease; translational medicine; zoology and wildlife conservation
• Research Interests: infection & immunity, epidemiology, wildlife conservation, genetics & genomics

Yrjo Tapio Grohn

• Campus: Ithaca
• Concentrations: Biomedical Sciences: population medicine and epidemiology

Chun Han

• Campus: Ithaca
• Concentrations: Biomedical Sciences: molecular and cellular medicine
• Research Interests: molecular and cellular medicine

Matthew P. Hare

• Campus: Ithaca
• Concentrations: Biomedical Sciences: zoology and wildlife conservation

Kei Hayashi

• Campus: Ithaca
• Concentrations: Biomedical Sciences: molecular and cellular medicine; translational medicine

Galina M. Hayes

• Campus: Ithaca
• Concentrations: Biomedical Sciences: population medicine and epidemiology

Gunther Hollopeter

• Campus: Ithaca
• Concentrations: Biomedical Sciences: molecular and cellular medicine

Fenghua Hu

• Campus: Ithaca
• Concentrations: Biomedical Sciences: molecular and cellular medicine; translational medicine

Kelly R. Hume

• Campus: Ithaca
• Concentrations: Biomedical Sciences: molecular and cellular medicine; translational medicine

Renata Ivanek Miojevic

• Campus: Ithaca
• Concentrations: Biomedical Sciences: immunology and infectious disease; population medicine and epidemiology; translational medicine

Glenn Albert Jackson

• Campus: Ithaca - (Minor Member)
• Concentrations: Biomedical Sciences: molecular and cellular medicine; translational medicine
• Research Interests: Molecular and cellular medicine, translational medicine

Mason Cameron Jager

• Campus: Ithaca
• Concentrations: Biomedical Sciences: immunology and infectious disease; translational medicine
• Research Interests: immunology and infectious disease; translational medicine

Shaoyi Jiang

• Campus: Ithaca
• Concentrations: Biomedical Sciences: immunology and infectious disease; molecular and cellular medicine; translational medicine
• Research Interests: Immunology and Infectious Disease, Molecular and Cellular Medicine, Translational Medicine

Elizabeth Lauren Johnson

• Campus: Ithaca
• Concentrations: Biomedical Sciences: molecular and cellular medicine
• Research Interests: Molecular and Cellular Medicine

Toshimitsu Kawate

• Campus: Ithaca
• Concentrations: Biomedical Sciences: immunology and infectious disease; molecular and cellular medicine

Holger Klinck

• Campus: Ithaca
• Concentrations: Biomedical Sciences: zoology and wildlife conservation

Gary Alan Koretzky

• Campus: Ithaca
• Concentrations: Biomedical Sciences: immunology and infectious disease; molecular and cellular medicine
• Research Interests: biochemistry & cell biology, cancer biology, infection and immunity

Michael I Kotlikoff

• Campus: Ithaca
• Concentrations: Biomedical Sciences: molecular and cellular medicine

Natasza Kurpios

• Campus: Ithaca
• Concentrations: Biomedical Sciences: molecular and cellular medicine

Alex Kwan

• Campus: Ithaca
• Concentrations: Biomedical Sciences: molecular and cellular medicine; translational medicine
• Research Interests: Molecular and cellular medicine; Translational medicine

Jan Lammerding

• Campus: Ithaca
• Concentrations: Biomedical Sciences: molecular and cellular medicine

Colleen M. Lau

• Campus: Ithaca
• Concentrations: Biomedical Sciences: immunology and infectious disease; molecular and cellular medicine
• Research Interests: Immunology and infectious disease, molecular and cellular medicine

Brian Paul Lazzaro

• Campus: Ithaca
• Concentrations: Biomedical Sciences: immunology and infectious disease

Eric C. Ledbetter

• Campus: Ithaca
• Concentrations: Biomedical Sciences: immunology and infectious disease

Esak Lee

• Campus: Ithaca
• Concentrations: Biomedical Sciences: immunology and infectious disease; molecular and cellular medicine
• Research Interests: vascular biology, cancer biology, lymphology and immunology

Sylvia Siu Lee

• Campus: Ithaca
• Concentrations: Biomedical Sciences: molecular and cellular medicine

Cynthia A. Leifer

• Campus: Ithaca
• Concentrations: Biomedical Sciences: immunology and infectious disease; molecular and cellular medicine

Karl J Lewis

• Campus: Ithaca
• Concentrations: Biomedical Sciences: molecular and cellular medicine; translational medicine
• Research Interests: molecular and cellular medicine, translational medicine

Hening Lin

• Campus: Ithaca
• Concentrations: Biomedical Sciences: immunology and infectious disease; molecular and cellular medicine

David Ming Lin

• Campus: Ithaca
• Concentrations: Biomedical Sciences: molecular and cellular medicine

Maurine E. Linder

• Campus: Ithaca
• Concentrations: Biomedical Sciences: molecular and cellular medicine

Marla E. Lujan

• Campus: Ithaca
• Concentrations: Biomedical Sciences: translational medicine

Sabine Mann

• Campus: Ithaca
• Concentrations: Biomedical Sciences: immunology and infectious disease; molecular and cellular medicine; population medicine and epidemiology; translational medicine

Eirene Chloe Markenscoff-Papadimitriou

• Campus: Ithaca
• Concentrations: Biomedical Sciences: molecular and cellular medicine
• Research Interests: molecular and cellular medicine

Jessica McArt

• Campus: Ithaca
• Concentrations: Biomedical Sciences: population medicine and epidemiology

Mandy J. McGeachy

• Campus: Ithaca
• Concentrations: Biomedical Sciences: immunology and infectious disease
• Research Interests: Immunology and infectious disease

Saurabh Mehta

• Campus: Ithaca
• Concentrations: Biomedical Sciences: immunology and infectious disease; population medicine and epidemiology; translational medicine

Andrew David Miller

• Campus: Ithaca
• Concentrations: Biomedical Sciences: translational medicine

Katharyn Jean Mitchell

• Campus: Ithaca
• Concentrations: Biomedical Sciences: molecular and cellular medicine; translational medicine
• Research Interests: Molecular and Cellular Medicine, Translational Medicine

Hussni Omar Mohammed

• Campus: Ithaca
• Concentrations: Biomedical Sciences: population medicine and epidemiology; translational medicine; zoology and wildlife conservation

Motoko Mukai

• Campus: Ithaca
• Concentrations: Biomedical Sciences: molecular and cellular medicine; zoology and wildlife conservation

Alexander Yu Nikitin

• Campus: Ithaca
• Concentrations: Biomedical Sciences: molecular and cellular medicine; translational medicine

Nozomi Nishimura

• Campus: Ithaca
• Concentrations: Biomedical Sciences: translational medicine
• Research Interests: Neuroscience

Linda M Nowak

• Campus: Ithaca
• Concentrations: Biomedical Sciences: molecular and cellular medicine

Daryl Van Nydam

• Campus: Ithaca
• Concentrations: Biomedical Sciences: immunology and infectious disease; population medicine and epidemiology; translational medicine

Kimberly O. O'Brien

• Campus: Ithaca
• Concentrations: Biomedical Sciences: molecular and cellular medicine; translational medicine

Steven A. Osofsky

• Campus: Ithaca
• Concentrations: Biomedical Sciences: zoology and wildlife conservation

John Stuart Leslie Parker

• Campus: Ithaca
• Concentrations: Biomedical Sciences: immunology and infectious disease; molecular and cellular medicine; translational medicine

Colin Ross Parrish

• Campus: Ithaca
• Concentrations: Biomedical Sciences: immunology and infectious disease; population medicine and epidemiology; zoology and wildlife conservation

Joseph E Peters

• Campus: Ithaca
• Concentrations: Biomedical Sciences: immunology and infectious disease
• Research Interests: Immunology and infectious disease

Ned J. Place

• Campus: Ithaca
• Concentrations: Biomedical Sciences: translational medicine; zoology and wildlife conservation

Raina K. Plowright

• Campus: Ithaca
• Concentrations: Biomedical Sciences: immunology and infectious disease; population medicine and epidemiology; zoology and wildlife conservation
• Research Interests: Immunology and infectious disease; population medicine and epidemiology; zoology and wildlife conservation

Shu-Bing Qian

• Campus: Ithaca
• Concentrations: Biomedical Sciences: molecular and cellular medicine; translational medicine

Heidi L. Reesink

• Campus: Ithaca
• Concentrations: Biomedical Sciences: immunology and infectious disease; molecular and cellular medicine; population medicine and epidemiology; translational medicine

Mark Stephen Roberson

• Campus: Ithaca
• Concentrations: Biomedical Sciences: molecular and cellular medicine; translational medicine

Brian Rudd

• Campus: Ithaca
• Concentrations: Biomedical Sciences: immunology and infectious disease

David G Russell

• Campus: Ithaca
• Concentrations: Biomedical Sciences: immunology and infectious disease

Kelsi Marisa Sandoz

• Campus: Ithaca
• Concentrations: Biomedical Sciences: immunology and infectious disease; molecular and cellular medicine
• Research Interests: Immunology and infectious disease; molecular and cellular medicine

Richa Sardana

• Campus: Ithaca
• Concentrations: Biomedical Sciences: molecular and cellular medicine
• Research Interests: Molecular and Cellular Medicine

Chris B. Schaffer

• Campus: Ithaca
• Concentrations: Biomedical Sciences: molecular and cellular medicine

Luis M. Schang

• Campus: Ithaca
• Concentrations: Biomedical Sciences: immunology and infectious disease; molecular and cellular medicine; translational medicine

John C. Schimenti

• Campus: Ithaca
• Concentrations: Biomedical Sciences: molecular and cellular medicine

Krysten L. Schuler

• Campus: Ithaca
• Concentrations: Biomedical Sciences: population medicine and epidemiology; zoology and wildlife conservation

Vimal Selvaraj

• Campus: Ithaca
• Concentrations: Biomedical Sciences: molecular and cellular medicine; zoology and wildlife conservation

Praveen Sethupathy

• Campus: Ithaca
• Concentrations: Biomedical Sciences: molecular and cellular medicine; translational medicine

Carolyn S. Sevier

• Campus: Ithaca
• Concentrations: Biomedical Sciences: molecular and cellular medicine

Marcus B. Smolka

• Campus: Ithaca
• Concentrations: Biomedical Sciences: molecular and cellular medicine; translational medicine
• Research Interests: biomedical sciences, molecular and cellular medicine, translational medicine

Paul Soloway

• Campus: Ithaca
• Concentrations: Biomedical Sciences: molecular and cellular medicine

Jeongmin Song

• Campus: Ithaca
• Concentrations: Biomedical Sciences: immunology and infectious disease; molecular and cellular medicine

Nucharin Songsasen

• Campus: Ithaca
• Concentrations: Biomedical Sciences: zoology and wildlife conservation

Rory James Todhunter

• Campus: Ithaca
• Concentrations: Biomedical Sciences: translational medicine

Alexander J.A. Travis

• Campus: Ithaca
• Concentrations: Biomedical Sciences: zoology and wildlife conservation

Tudorita Tumbar

• Campus: Ithaca
• Concentrations: Biomedical Sciences: molecular and cellular medicine

Gerlinde Van de Walle

• Campus: Ithaca
• Concentrations: Biomedical Sciences: immunology and infectious disease; molecular and cellular medicine; translational medicine

Brian C. VanderVen

• Campus: Ithaca
• Concentrations: Biomedical Sciences: immunology and infectious disease

Bettina Wagner

• Campus: Ithaca
• Concentrations: Biomedical Sciences: immunology and infectious disease; population medicine and epidemiology; translational medicine

Melissa R. Warden

• Campus: Ithaca
• Concentrations: Biomedical Sciences: molecular and cellular medicine; translational medicine
• Research Interests: neuroscience

Lorin D Warnick

• Campus: Ithaca
• Concentrations: Biomedical Sciences: population medicine and epidemiology

Gregory Arthur Weiland

• Campus: Ithaca
• Concentrations: Biomedical Sciences: molecular and cellular medicine

Robert Samuel Weiss

• Campus: Ithaca
• Concentrations: Biomedical Sciences: molecular and cellular medicine; translational medicine

Andrew C. White

• Campus: Ithaca
• Concentrations: Biomedical Sciences: molecular and cellular medicine; translational medicine

Gary R Whittaker

• Campus: Ithaca
• Concentrations: Biomedical Sciences: immunology and infectious disease; molecular and cellular medicine; population medicine and epidemiology; translational medicine

Martin Wiedmann

• Campus: Ithaca
• Concentrations: Biomedical Sciences: immunology and infectious disease; population medicine and epidemiology

Matthias Josef Wieland

• Campus: Ithaca
• Concentrations: Biomedical Sciences: immunology and infectious disease; population medicine and epidemiology
• Research Interests: Immunology and infectious disease; population medicine and epidemiology

Mariana Federica Wolfner

• Campus: Ithaca
• Concentrations: Biomedical Sciences: molecular and cellular medicine

Chunhui (Chris) Xu

• Campus: Ithaca
• Concentrations: Biomedical Sciences: molecular and cellular medicine; translational medicine

Andrew Yen

• Campus: Ithaca
• Concentrations: Biomedical Sciences: molecular and cellular medicine